Yes this is doable.
When button is clicked you can open a jQuery modal and display a vf page embedded inside an Iframe, which will contain all your details.
We will have to use the window.postMessage to pass events from VF page (Hosted over visual.force.com) and Standard Page (Hosted over salesforce.com)
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/postMessage
var j$ = jQuery.noConflict();
var j$modalDialog = j$('<div></div>')
.html('<iframe id="iframeContentId" src="' + iframe_url + '&parent_domain=' + parent_domain + '" frameborder="0" scrolling="auto" height="100%" width="100%" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" />')
.dialog({
autoOpen: false,
title: 'Support Merge Fields',
resizable: false,
width: 700,
height: 500,
autoResize: true,
modal: true,
draggable: false
});
j$modalDialog.dialog('open');
Here is a detailed article mentioning all steps
http://www.valnavjo.com/blog/modal-dialog-on-a-standard-salesforce-page/