Here is a script you may find useful to run through Execute Anonymous
:
for (ChildRelationship relation : SObjectType.Opportunity.getChildRelationships())
{
String name = relation.getRelationshipName();
if (name != null && name.contains('Partner'))
system.debug(name + ' (' + relation.getChildSObject() + ')');
}
This script yields three relationships:
AccountPartners (AccountPartner)
OpportunityPartnersFrom (OpportunityPartner)
Partners (Partner)
It seems to me you want door #2, which would make your query:
SELECT (SELECT Role FROM OpportunityPartnersFrom) FROM Opportunity