Using SOQL I don't think this is possible but using listview describe you will get the all details check this out
List View Describe Returns detailed information about a list view,
including the ID, the columns, and the SOQL query. This resource is
available in REST API version 32.0 and later.
URI /vXX.X/sobjects/{sobjectType}/listviews/{queryLocator}/describe
{
"columns" : [ {
"ascendingLabel" : "Z-A",
"descendingLabel" : "A-Z",
"fieldNameOrPath" : "Name",
"hidden" : false,
"label" : "Account Name",
"selectListItem" : "Name",
"sortDirection" : "ascending",
"sortIndex" : 0,
"sortable" : true,
"type" : "string"
}, {
"ascendingLabel" : "Z-A",
"descendingLabel" : "A-Z",
"fieldNameOrPath" : "Site",
"hidden" : false,
"label" : "Account Site",
"selectListItem" : "Site",
"sortDirection" : null,
"sortIndex" : null,
"sortable" : true,
"type" : "string"
}, {
"ascendingLabel" : "Z-A",
"descendingLabel" : "A-Z",
"fieldNameOrPath" : "BillingState",
"hidden" : false,
"label" : "Billing State/Province",
"selectListItem" : "BillingState",
"sortDirection" : null,
"sortIndex" : null,
"sortable" : true,
"type" : "string"
}, {
"ascendingLabel" : "9-0",
"descendingLabel" : "0-9",
"fieldNameOrPath" : "Phone",
"hidden" : false,
"label" : "Phone",
"selectListItem" : "Phone",
"sortDirection" : null,
"sortIndex" : null,
"sortable" : true,
"type" : "phone"
}, {
"ascendingLabel" : "Low to High",
"descendingLabel" : "High to Low",
"fieldNameOrPath" : "Type",
"hidden" : false,
"label" : "Type",
"selectListItem" : "toLabel(Type)",
"sortDirection" : null,
"sortIndex" : null,
"sortable" : true,
"type" : "picklist"
}, {
"ascendingLabel" : "Z-A",
"descendingLabel" : "A-Z",
"fieldNameOrPath" : "Owner.Alias",
"hidden" : false,
"label" : "Account Owner Alias",
"selectListItem" : "Owner.Alias",
"sortDirection" : null,
"sortIndex" : null,
"sortable" : true,
"type" : "string"
}, {
"ascendingLabel" : null,
"descendingLabel" : null,
"fieldNameOrPath" : "Id",
"hidden" : true,
"label" : "Account ID",
"selectListItem" : "Id",
"sortDirection" : null,
"sortIndex" : null,
"sortable" : false,
"type" : "id"
}, {
"ascendingLabel" : null,
"descendingLabel" : null,
"fieldNameOrPath" : "CreatedDate",
"hidden" : true,
"label" : "Created Date",
"selectListItem" : "CreatedDate",
"sortDirection" : null,
"sortIndex" : null,
"sortable" : false,
"type" : "datetime"
}, {
"ascendingLabel" : null,
"descendingLabel" : null,
"fieldNameOrPath" : "LastModifiedDate",
"hidden" : true,
"label" : "Last Modified Date",
"selectListItem" : "LastModifiedDate",
"sortDirection" : null,
"sortIndex" : null,
"sortable" : false,
"type" : "datetime"
}, {
"ascendingLabel" : null,
"descendingLabel" : null,
"fieldNameOrPath" : "SystemModstamp",
"hidden" : true,
"label" : "System Modstamp",
"selectListItem" : "SystemModstamp",
"sortDirection" : null,
"sortIndex" : null,
"sortable" : false,
"type" : "datetime"
} ],
"id" : "00BD0000005WcBe",
"orderBy" : [ {
"fieldNameOrPath" : "Name",
"nullsPosition" : "first",
"sortDirection" : "ascending"
}, {
"fieldNameOrPath" : "Id",
"nullsPosition" : "first",
"sortDirection" : "ascending"
} ],
"query" : "SELECT name, site, billingstate, phone, tolabel(type),
owner.alias, id, createddate, lastmodifieddate,
systemmodstamp FROM Account WHERE CreatedDate = THIS_WEEK ORDER BY
Name ASC NULLS FIRST, Id ASC NULLS FIRST",
"scope" : null,
"sobjectType" : "Account",
"whereCondition" : {
"field" : "CreatedDate",
"operator" : "equals",
"values" : [ "THIS_WEEK" ]
}
}