Take a look at the documentation for communicating with events here.
Depending on the hierarchy of your components you would use either an application event or a component event. An example of passing a parameter through an application event would be:
The event file:
<!--c:appEvent-->
<aura:event type="APPLICATION">
<!-- pass context of where the event was fired to the handler. -->
<aura:attribute name="context" type="String"/>
</aura:event>
In the component originating the parameter include the following in the html:
<aura:registerEvent name="appEvent" type="c:appEvent"/>
and in the controller of that component, add the parameter and fire it:
var appEvent = $A.get("e.c:appEvent");
appEvent.setParams({ "context" : parentName });
appEvent.fire();
Then in the component where you want to receive the event, include in the html:
<aura:handler event="c:appEvent" action="{!c.handleApplicationEventFired}"/>
And in the controller of the component include the function to handle the event:
handleApplicationEventFired : function(cmp, event) {
var context = event.getParam("context");
cmp.set("v.mostRecentEvent",
"Most recent event handled: APPLICATION event, from " + context);
var numApplicationEventsHandled =
parseInt(cmp.get("v.numApplicationEventsHandled")) + 1;
cmp.set("v.numApplicationEventsHandled", numApplicationEventsHandled);
}
Note that the syntax for using component events is different.