Actions on a page can be called in a few different ways. You can call an action in your controller from the loading of the page via a page action or within the constructor when the page loads (it's worth noting that DMLs are not allowed in the constructor).
Alternatively, you could use Javascript and a Javascript remoting call to go fetch some data, perform an action of some sort, and then adjust the view accordingly.
Lastly, you can use an actionFunction, which is essentially a Visualforce AJAX layer.
Here is a good help article explaining the visualforce order of execution on a page load:
http://www.salesforce.com/us/developer/docs/pages/Content/pages_controller_lifecycle_example.htm
Here is a link to Javascript Remoting documentation:
http://www.salesforce.com/us/developer/docs/pages/Content/pages_js_remoting.htm
Here is a link to actionFunction:
http://www.salesforce.com/us/developer/docs/pages/Content/pages_compref_actionFunction.htm
Because your question isn't quite clear, I'll offer one last comment. If you're just trying to interpret a field on your record, based on data from other fields or even the user, then a formula field may be appropriate. Formula fields are just custom logic to interpret the underlying data. They're not actually changing anything, they are just a static interpretation of data.