This will split it and remove whitespace:
String initialString = 'Malcolm Bell Landgraab | EMP-00012 | Consultant';
String[] results = initialString.trim().split('\\s*\\|\\s*');
system.debug(results);
Of course you will want to add in all the usual checks for null, errors, etc.
For a single string this will get you the EMP part as requested in your comments:
Note I am not the best at regex so best I can do at this point:
Pattern MyPattern = Pattern.compile('(?<=EMP)([^\\s\\|]*)(?=[$\\s\|]=[$\\s\\|])');
Matcher MyMatcher = MyPattern.matcher(initialString);
Boolean result = MyMatcher.find();
String emp;
if(result){
emp = 'EMP' + MyMatcher.group(0);
}
system.debug(emp);