I completely agree with @BobBuzzard about not relying on any standard styles, etc. Upvote it!
There is a styleClass attribute for apex:inputField which will result in a class attribute being generated on the select element. VF does definitely generate way more complex html/css/js than just the simple html select, but you can get to the select in jQuery without relying on anything other than the styleClass and the select. Granted, the markup could change but it is likely that the multiselect will always be a select element. So, you could write some JavaScript to set the width after the page loads.
This code will set the width and height on all of the select elements that have a styleClass/class of myMultiClass.
<apex:page standardController="Test_Object__c">
<!-- get your jQuery somehow -->
<script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var $j = jQuery.noConflict();
$j(document).ready(function() {
setTimeout(function() {
$j('select.myMultiClass').each(function(i, val) {
$j(val).width(100);
$j(val).height(300);
})
},100);
});
</script>
<apex:form >
<apex:pageBlock >
<apex:pageBlockSection >
<apex:inputField value="{!Test_Object__c.Name}"/><br />
<apex:inputField value="{!Test_Object__c.MultiTest__c}" styleClass="myMultiClass"/>
</apex:pageBlockSection>
</apex:pageBlock>
</apex:form>
</apex:page>
